Getting enough Vitamin K2 is absolutely essential to vibrant health and the vast majority of people, even those eating a completely whole food, organic diet, fail miserably in getting enough.
Traditional Societies instinctively put great importance on foods high in Vitamin K2. These sacred foods were consumed in larger quantities by young couples preparing to conceive, pregnant and breastfeeding women, growing children, and the elderly in order to ensure health during these critical times of life.
Sufficient Vitamin K2 along with the other critical fat soluble activators A and D are especially important for pregnant women to consume to ensure healthy babies. Please note that Vitamin K1 from leafy greens is a different nutrient and is not the same as Vitamin K2 found in the sacred foods of traditional cultures.
The best food sources of Vitamin K2 are grassfed dairy products and natto, a very strong tasting fermented soy product with roots in Japan. Vitamin K2 from animal sources is known as MK-4 while Vitamin K2 produced by bacterial fermentation as found in natto is known as MK-7.
Getting Enough Vitamin K2 is Difficult Even With Grassfed Dairy
Unfortunately, even if one consumes plenty of grassfed dairy, getting enough K2 in the diet is still very much a challenge. This is due to the worrisome depletion of our soils which will take generations to repair.
Consider that the spring butter of the Alpine living Swiss was an orange color whereas grassfed spring butter today is at best deep yellow. No doubt, the soil that produced the rapidly growing spring grass that the Alpine cows grazed upon was much higher in nutrients in order to produce orange butter which the Swiss reverently placed in bowls with wicks to burn in their Churches .
It also greatly concerning that Vitamin K2 cannot be recycled by the body like Vitamin K1 and that stores can be quickly depleted with the very common and invisible deficiency of K2 occurring in as little as 7 days.
In order to bridge the gap and ensure that my family gets enough Vitamin K2, I decided about a year ago that we needed to take a daily supplement as I was not confident that we were getting enough even with our frequent consumption of sacred foods and grassfed dairy.
Does this mean that grassfed dairy is not important? Absolutely not. It is always best to strive to get your nutrients from food as much as possible. With the depletion of the soils, however, I did not feel certain that we could get enough K2 eating reasonable amounts of whole and even sacred foods from grassfed sources like Traditional Societies would have eating a similar diet.
I have not yet seen any scientific studies confirming which specific daily dose of K2 is optimal for long term health, however, based on population studies and data obtained from Vitamin K2 doses given in clinical trials, it seems that 45 mcg/day would be the minimal dose for therapeutic effect with several hundred mcg/day a better target as this is what frequent natto eaters in Japan would be consuming.
The good news is that Vitamin K2 has no known toxicity, so adding a daily supplement taken with food to improve absorption really has no downside.
Why I Take MK-7 Supplements and Not MK-4
If you decide that taking a Vitamin K2 supplement makes sense to you, which should you choose?
If given the choice, I prefer MK-4, the animal form of Vitamin K2 over MK-7 which is the form of K2 from bacterial fermentation.
However, the problem is that while MK-4 in food like grassfed butter, high vitamin butter oil, and pastured egg yolks is real and ideal, the MK-4 contained in supplements is synthetic.
Let me say that again. The MK-4 in supplements is not the same MK-4 as found in grassfed butter. The MK-4 in supplements is not derived from grassfed dairy as this would be prohibitively expensive. Rather, it is made from the extract of the tobacco plant.
Another big downside of MK-4 supplements is that this synthetic form of MK-4 does not remain in therapeutic levels in the blood for very long – only a few hours. As a result, to maintain useful levels of synthetic MK-4 in the blood throughout the day, periodic dosing every few hours is required.
Consequently, I take a Vitamin K2 supplement derived from natto (nonGMO soybeans) instead, which is the form of Vitamin K2 known as MK-7 as this is the same K2 you would get if you actually ate natto, which most folks find highly unpalatable.
Another plus is that MK-7 stays in therapeutic doses in the blood much longer than synthetic MK-4. As a result, a once a day supplement of MK-7 is sufficient to supplement the natural MK-4 that one is getting from a diet high in grassfed dairy and other sacred foods.
Source for This Article
If this article piques your interest in Vitamin K2 and why we so desperately need it in our diets, I highly recommend reading the book Vitamin K2 and the Calcium Paradox by Dr. Kate Rheaume-Bleue BSc, ND from which the information for this article was derived.
Sarah, The Healthy Home Economist
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{ 74 comments… read them below or add one }
Are your teeth just as clean taking the MK-7?
I discovered that the MK-7 from Jarrow doesn’t work compared to the MK-4 from Thorne. I was amazed after switching that in 2 days all the deposits on my teeth were gone! It had been a year since I had my teeth cleaned, and I was able to feel that build up on the back of my lower front teeth. Before spending the money on the dentist, I decided to switch to the Thorne MK-4 after reading the blogs of Stephan Guyenet and Richard Nikoley who reported the same kind of experience with both Green Pasture’s Butter Oil and the Thorne’s MK-4. Now my teeth are perfectly free of deposits. The MK-7 pills I took everyday didn’t do that.
I didn’t know it’s synthetic. However, I can tell that it’s doing something (and saving money from the dentist!). This way, I have an indicator — my teeth — letting me know the mineral are more likely going to places they are supposed to be, instead of building up on my teeth..
Also, I understand that the MK-4 version is what has been used in all the research that proves success with osteoporosis and heart disease. What are your thoughts on that?
What do you think? I love that I notice a difference with the MK-4. What’s your personal experience with MK-7? How do you know it’s working?
I don’t honestly know how anyone can support and promote a synthetic source of MK-4. MK-7 is why gouda and other hard cheeses are so high in Vitamin K2. It is a wonderful and healthful source of K2 especially if one is getting REAL MK-4 from grassfed dairy.
Synthetic MK-4 from supplements is a poor choice from the research I’ve done.
Sarah, TheHealthyHomeEconomist\’s last post: Which Vitamin K2 Supplement is Best – MK-4 or MK-7?
I should add that synthetic MK-4 from supplements does work according to studies I’ve seen … however, I choose not to take it for the simple reason that it is synthetic and it doesn’t keep blood levels of K2 at therapeutic levels for longer than a few hours.
Sarah, TheHealthyHomeEconomist\’s last post: Which Vitamin K2 Supplement is Best – MK-4 or MK-7?
I read on another blog (Paleo) that the gentleman was taken FCLO and Butter oil and swearing that it cleaned his teeth so well that he felt like he really didn’t have to brush them. Perhaps your bloggers were experiencing the power of the butter oil and maybe the MK4 was just a fluke? I have a lot of build up (not as much since I eat better) and I was very intrigued by this statement from the Paleo blogger. I have not had the money to test his theory out but I guarantee it is one I am working on. Fascinating.
I have taken FCLO and butter oil for years (every since they first came on the market) and YETadding MK-7 to my daily regime make a huge difference which I do need to write a blog post about.
Again, I strongly disagree that MK-7 is not beneficial. Perhaps not as potent as MK-4, but I much much prefer a natural MK-7 to a synthetic MK-4.
Sarah, TheHealthyHomeEconomist\’s last post: Which Vitamin K2 Supplement is Best – MK-4 or MK-7?
What if you have a sensitivity to soy?
Sarah,
Just curious if the brand in the picture is the exact brand you take. Wondering why you would take it when it contains soy…and we all know how you feel about soy.
awesome…I want us, my family to start using it too!! where do you buy it from??
Do you take fermented cod liver oil, what about the vitamin K2 in that?
“Another big downside of MK-4 supplements is that this synthetic form of MK-4 does not remain in therapeutic levels in the blood for very long – only a few hours”
This is highly likely to it being absorbed by the tissues/organs much more rapidly, which is actually an advantage.
Elizabeth, you can not make that assumption as it could simply be being expelled.
My only concern is that it is soy derived, however, if the soy is fermented before extraction, that might be ok.
Yeah i thought the CLO had a good amout of K2 in it
Does the Green Pastures High Vitamin Butter Oil contain the synthetic MK-4? Do you take the green pastures and then add this MK-7 supplement?
Thanks
Any grassfed dairy like butter, milk, butter oil, ghee, goose liver pate is going to contain NATURAL MK-4. It is the supplemental form of MK-4 that is a problem.
YES, I most definitely take the high vitamin butter oil from Green Pastures and yes I take an MK-7 supplement on top of this. I will have to write another blog post on what taking this additional amount of K2 via MK-7 supplement has done for me health-wise. I waited a year to observe before thinking I would be ready to write something about it.
Sarah, TheHealthyHomeEconomist\’s last post: Which Vitamin K2 Supplement is Best – MK-4 or MK-7?
Yes, this is what I *really* want to know. I take so many supplements as is. What will the MK-7 do for me?
Yes! Do write about the benefits you’ve noticed over the past year. We really need to know! Because I eat a lot of gouda, thanks to your article, and grassfed butter, just assumed my FCLO was enough and didn’t need the butter oil. Do let us know more as soon as you can! Thanks!
Where do you find natto that isn’t full of additives? I checked a local Oriental market (I’m in Tampa), but only found natto with a list of ingredients I wouldn’t touch with a 10 foot pole. I was hoping to try the recipe you posted in a post earlier this year. Thanks!
Yes, that is a hard one. Another problem is that all the natto I can find in my local area is not organic and therefore most likely GMO which is yet another reason I take the nonGMO MK-7 supplement.
Sarah, TheHealthyHomeEconomist\’s last post: Which Vitamin K2 Supplement is Best – MK-4 or MK-7?
I think oftentimes those questionable ingredients are in the packet of sauce, so if you make your own mustard-tamari sauce you can skip the additives. Just be sure the natto is organic, and sometimes this requires asking a store clerk to indicate the Asian character for organic since it is sometimes not labeled in English.
Great tips!!! Thank you Beth. I had not thought of this.
Sarah, TheHealthyHomeEconomist\’s last post: Which Vitamin K2 Supplement is Best – MK-4 or MK-7?
@Lisa natto is a traditional food eaten in Japan and is indeed fermented.
@Jennifer the FLCO has some K2 in it but not as much as the high vitamin butter oil. Even still, I have not concluded that this is enough to get several hundred mcg per day of Vitamin K2.
The bottle in your article says each cap is 90 mcg. How many do you take daily and give your kids daily (my kids are 7, 8 , and 2)? also is is safe for nursing moms? i’m assuming it is since it is from a whole food source. thks! we don’t get enough grass fed butter in our diets and this seems like an economical supplement.
Daniela, i saw it on Vitacost.com for $12!
Thank you Holli!!..
@Holli This is really up to you as there aren’t any recommendations that I can find on how many mcg/day are ideal. However, Vitamin K2 has no known toxicity, so my kids take 1 cap per day and my husband and I take 2.
@Holli 2 caps gives me 180mcg of MK-7 which when combined with the grassfed dairy, FLCO and BO I take safely gets me to several hundred mcg/day which is what traditional folks eating natto frequently in Japan would consume.
I am currently on the GAPS diet and soy is on the avoid list. Since it is fermented do you think it would be ok to try? Thanks!
Yes, it should be fine on GAPS unless you are allergic to soy.
Sarah, TheHealthyHomeEconomist\’s last post: Which Vitamin K2 Supplement is Best – MK-4 or MK-7?
Yes, please do share what health benefits you have discovered taking k2 supplements!
I’m very interested! Also, do foods have to be raw to preserve the k2? Is there k2 in dark orange egg yolks?
K2 is not destroyed by heat! Yay!
Sarah, TheHealthyHomeEconomist\’s last post: Which Vitamin K2 Supplement is Best – MK-4 or MK-7?
Dr. Kate Rheaume-Bleue says we need 4500 micrograms MK4 daily (divided dose) or 120 micrograms MK7 (one dose okay). Stefan Guyenet suspects that MK7 does not cross the placenta in appreciable amounts, so MK7 is appropriate for adult cardiovascular health but we need MK4 for fetal facial development.
Thank you Holli!!!
Guyenet: trials on shelf-life “were conducted by MK-7 supplement vendors and the results have not been published. Interestingly, MK-4 and MK-7 have the exact same plasma half-life in rats” and “MK-4 is the only form of vitamin K2 that’s been shown to reduce fracture risk in clinical trials”
I added this supplement to my diet about eight years ago when I was still having heavy periods with accompanying menstrual migraines that knocked me out for a few days each month. The benefit of the MK7 was that the length of my periods reduced and the migraine was less severe and of shorter duration. I believe there are other benefits as well, but this really stood out for me as a strong benefit clearly related to adding the supplement. The sacred foods were insufficient to provide relief..
My emphasis: if MK-7 doesn’t clean the plaque off your teeth — how do you know it’s working in the rest of your body? I love my clean teeth from synthetic MK-4.
To round out the discussion, Stephan Guyenet (who I respect as much as Sarah) had these comments:
” . . . yes, the people who sell MK-7 like to say it’s better. Mostly because it has a longer plasma half-life. I find that argument totally unconvincing. As Chris Masterjohn has said, the shorter half-life of MK-4 may have to do with the fact that many tissues prefer it to MK-7 so they take it up more rapidly.
“MK-4 is the form of K2 that mammals synthesize for their own use and their offspring. MK-7 isn’t something that hunter-gatherers would necessarily have gotten much of. MK-7 may have its own benefits, but I think it’s unlikely to be a replacement for MK-4.
I wish I knew more of the sources for another guy’s comments that : ” MK-7 is produced in humans by bacteria in the gut. Studies do not demonstrate great absorption of MK-7. Positive effects of MK-7 consumption is most likely due to conversion to MK-4.”
On principle, I also don’t like synthetic anything. Green Pasture’s Butter Oil (Activator X) may be the best way to go.
Yes, I agree .. MK-4 is superior IF it is natural. MK-4 supplements are not in any way natural other than the fact that they come from tobacco, hence another alternative is needed. Eating a TBL or two of butter oil a day is not an option for most especially cost wise, so MK-7 is an excellent alternative.
I might add that I have seen HUGE health improvements taking MK-7 in addition to the many MK-4 sources in my diet. I very strongly disagree that MK-7 is not helpful, particularly since MK-7 is a primary reason hard cheeses are so beneficial to health even if not grassfed.
This is a case of putting science ahead of observation and historical evidence which is pretty much always a mistake in my experience. Note that natto eaters in Japan have a lower hip fracture/osteoporosis rate than non-natto eaters in other parts of Japan.
Sarah, TheHealthyHomeEconomist\’s last post: Which Vitamin K2 Supplement is Best – MK-4 or MK-7?
Sarah, so the supplement you use for MK-7 is Jarrow? How many a day do you take? And if more than 1 a day, do you spread it out?
Do you think opening the capsule might help?
I wonder because I am currently taking Thorne K2 (I guess that is MK-4):
1. you are saying the Thorne brand is definitely synthetic?
2. it’s super duper (SUPER!) expensive and if I could switch to a Natto that would do the same / better, I would be very happy about that
3. I’ve noticed a huge difference in my teeth / gums since using it sublingually and swishing it around in my mouth (that’s why I wonder if opening up a Jarrow capsule of MK-7 might be helpful.
Thanks so much for all this info!
Tamara Slack\’s last post: Women Pastors in the Christian Church?
I am not married to any particular brand .. yes I use Jarrow but there may be other brands that are good as well.
According to my research, MK-4 supplements on the market are synthetic as deriving natural MK-4 from grassfed dairy would be too expensive.
Also, MK-4 supplements last in the blood for only a very short period of time (3 hours or even less). Given the cost of the Thorne product, it seems better to buy butter oil from Green Pastures along with a much more reasonably priced MK-7 supplement.
Jarrow is very reasonably priced so try opening the capsule or two and swish it around and see if it helps you. I would be interested to know your observations.
Sarah, TheHealthyHomeEconomist\’s last post: Which Vitamin K2 Supplement is Best – MK-4 or MK-7?
Thanks! I just looked up and even though the Thorne brand is over $60 for 1 fl. oz., it is synthetic. I use ghee (would that give K2 as much as the butter oil?) too.
Also, when a woman is estrogen dominant, do you think natto-based K2 is okay? I have been avoiding all phytoestrogens because my hormones are so whacked out. I know natto is fermented, but it is still soy – your thoughts?
Thanks!
Tamara Slack\’s last post: Women Pastors in the Christian Church?
Stefan Guyenet: trials on shelf-life “were conducted by MK-7 supplement vendors and the results have not been published. Interestingly, MK-4 and MK-7 have the exact same plasma half-life in rats” and “MK-4 is the only form of vitamin K2 that’s been shown to reduce fracture risk in clinical trials”. From Dr. Kate Rheaume-Bleue’s book “Whatever your feelings on synthetic versus natural supplemets, clinical trials show that you can reap all the bone-building, artery-clearing benefits benefits from this [synthetic menatetrenone from tobacco] form of menaquinone.”
MK7 does not cross the placenta in appreciable amounts, so MK7 is appropriate for adult cardiovascular health (particularly for the high-need teens or menopausal women) but we need MK4 for fetal facial development.
No doubt that MK-7 supplements are not a replacement for grassfed dairy and butter oil. Agreed.
It is beneficial nonetheless and a better choice than synthetic MK-4 supplements.
Sarah, TheHealthyHomeEconomist\’s last post: Which Vitamin K2 Supplement is Best – MK-4 or MK-7?
Hi Sarah! Love your blog!
I just wanted to comment that I take a K2 supplement and found that I get leg cramps. My thought is that I need to increase my calcium intake. I have never been one to supplement with Calcium since I get severe constipation from it. If the K2 is taking up the calcium to my bones, then maybe there isn’t enough calcium left for my muscles. Any ideas?
@Elizabeth I don’t think better absorption from the synthetic MK-4 can be assumed at all. It could very well end up in the toilet unabsorbed just like what happens to other synthetic supplements. The case for synthetic MK-4 is not convincing at all to me.
Thanks for this. I am looking forward to your post on what this supplement has done for your health. Grassfed butter is expensive, and as you say – not what it used to be. I am sure we are not getting much K2 either!
Is there k2 in dark orange egg yolks?
Hi Sarah,
Thanks for this info! How would you supplement with K2 if you had a soy, gluten, and egg yolk allergy?
I’ve been dealing with hypothyroidism. Is the MK-7 still goitrogenic? Does the fermenting reduce this at all and/or would the goitrogenic effect of the supplement be negligible? Thanks.
Hi! I’ve got a question.
Thorne’s website states “Thorne’s vitamin K2 is MK-4 and is derived from bacterial fermentation; thus, there is no soy in the product.” http://www.thorne.com/Products/Cardiovascular-Support/Circulatory_Health/prd~KD500.jsp
How is it synthetic if it is derived from bacterial fermentation?
Fermenting does not mean its natural or normal. You can ferment GMO corn for example. There is also a trademarked probiotic strain I’ve heard about that is fermented on GMO soy.
I just found your blog which is very good however, I have to get something out there. The ONLY WAY we will get our soils restored is if the world repents of sin and lives according the Gospels of Jesus Christ. Please realize that the reason we have to take supplements for optimal health now is because evil is encompassing us from all sides and destroying what God intended for us as sources of nourishment. If the world does not humble themselves, admit we are sinners and accept Jesus Christ as our redeemer, Lord, Savior, and follow His commands and start raising children that are Godly, it will only get worse. The solution for everything in our wayward world is to repent, repent, repent! The Lord will not bless anything for a sinful world but curse it! Freedom, fulfillment and life come only through the blood of Jesus Christ.
I started taking Solgar K2 (MK-7) a week ago. However, I have hypothyroidism and I’m a little concerned that there could be goitrogens in it since it is from natto. Should I be worried about this?
I doubt it is a problem, as the amounts would be so incredibly small if there were any at all which I’m not sure there even would be.
Thanks for your reply. I didn’t think so but I want to be sure because I am very sensitive to goitrogens.
Sarah, is all M7 from natto? I want to get the Superior Source K2, M7 for my kids because it’s easier for them to take(sublingual.) Do you know anything about this brand?
I have Factor V Leiden…a condition where my blood wants to clot. I have wanted to take a Vit. K supplement for years but can not find any answers regarding taking a Vit. K supplement and increased risk of blood clots. Any thoughts?
Hi Sarah,
Someone commented that the Jarrow MK7 softgels contain caramel, which is found to be carcinogenic. Any comments on that?
I faithfully give my son a dose of FCLO every day and he takes it. However, he has been getting a nosebleed almost every day lately. I am thinking he needs more K2? I also tend to bleed easily when I am taking my FCLO, so especially as I am pregnant, I want to up my K2 throughout my pregnancy and especially before labor to prevent bleeding.
Sarah, I hope you read this since it is an old post, but THANKS SO MUCH for the doing the research on this. I just ordered the Jarrow supplement from Vitacost–great price. Not to sound stupid, but do you need to take it at the same time as the Butter Oil and CLO or can you take it any time of day? Also, since fermented CLO is so expensive, I have started taking the suggested amount of 2mls along with a TBSP of TWINLAB non-emulsified Norwegian CLO (cherry flavor)–it is on the WAPF “Good” list. NT suggests that anyone with chronic health problems should be taking a TBSP of CLO every day. Please do share your “health improvements” since taking MK-7?
Thanks,
Joyce
Hello Sarah!
My father has some serious cardiovascular problems and I think I should order him the MK-7 supplements. How many capsules he should take daily would you think?
Thank you and many kisses from Greece once again!
I know u r long gone and moved on from this thread, however, the Jarrow product here (MK7) that you recommend is loaded with soybean oil!
Yuck!
I have an underactive thyroid. Should I be taking MK-7?
Re thyroid it’s my opinion that people should manage thyroid outside of supplementation. I too have thyroid issues and take replacement, but don’t concern myself with supps ie I check labs often
Hi Sarah … thought I’d chime in here and say that I’ve been taking MK-7 since reading this post, so about 2.5 months now. I’m beginning to see some improvements too
and am really looking forward to your post telling us about the improvements you noticed in your and your families health.
synthetic form of MK-4
if by extract from tobbaco plant ,what makes it not natural ?
Sally,
I don’t know what to say, but your rationale for not taking MK-4 because it’s synthetic doesn’t make sense.
If one were to start judging the efficacy of a supplement by virtue of it’s being natural vis-a-vis synthetic, I think that road would lead to hell.
The truth is, very few vitamins commercially sold are natural. They’re all synthetically derived. That doesn’t mean grand pa and grand ma shouldn’t take their daily multis, does it?
MK-4 is far superior to MK-7. Too bad that it’s synthetic.
Besides most MK-7 purveyors market MK-7 without mentioning that there is surplus MK-7 that has flooded the market because of the high demand for nattokinase (which has the MK-7 removed before it’s sold).
Of course everybody would do okay without having synthetic supplements if they could get the food in their natural form. That I totally agree with. But to say that something shouldn’t be taken because it’s a synthetic derivative totally boggles the mind.
I meant to say “Sarah” not “Sally.”
yas we may have a natural vit mk4 ,its called Hi vitamin butter oil ,the problem ,no count how much mk4 per teaspoon ?
i also wish such to be avaialble in kosher certified as well ?
I know this is an old post, but I can’t help but replying. Sarah, how can you state that Thorne k2 is definitely synthetic? What are your sources? Someone tells you that it’s fermented but contains no soy and you reply that it may be from fermented gmo corn or soybeans. You don’t know that. Besides just because something may not be desirable to you (fermented corn or whatever you think it is) doesn’t mean it’s synthetic.
Sarah, you are stating that Thorne’s vitamin MK-4 is synthetic because it is derived from bacterial fermentation, however MK-7 from natto is derived from bacterial fermentation too. Therefore by your definition MK-7 from natto is synthetic too, so we should not take it?
By the way in Japan they only approved MK-4 but not MK-7 for treatment of osteoporosis and atherosclerosis. Does anybody know which MK-4 did they use / approve? Was it natural or synthetic? Is it possible to buy the same MK-4 as they’ve used?
Because it was a question mark, I asked Thorne to confirm the source of their MK-4 k2. I got a response stating that it is made via a synthesis process. The reference to it being produced via bacterial fermentation appears to have been a mistake. They have corrected their site now.
Hi Sarah! I really want to start taking this but I’m quite turned off by the fillers (soybean oil and caramel color). What are your thoughts on that? I’m a new breastfeeding mother and I strictly avoid soybeans in any form so I’m concerned about consuming it from these pills and exposing my son to it. Thanks for all you do, your work has greatly helped me in my real food journey!
I just bought the Jarrow brand and it says soy oil in the ingredients. So, is it not only derived from fermented soy (I don’t have an issue with that if it’s not gmo) but also contains actual soybean oil? This seems like it could really be a missing piece to my health puzzle but the ‘soybean oil’ actually listed as an ingredient has spooked me. Did the company comment on that when you did the research? It doesn’t say non-gmo derived. Did the company assure you of its sourcing? Did any other “good” brands jump out at you during your research?
For anyone looking for it: I found it at Sprouts and I’ve seen the brand at Vitamin Shoppe (but I wasn’t looking for MK-7 so not sure if they carry that item).
I appreciate your informative post and sharing your research.
I’ve called the company and the soy is NONGMO (sourced from Italy).
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